The Nobel Prize : Celebrating Excellence In Diverse Fields

The Nobel Prize is one of the world’s most prestigious and recognized awards, celebrating excellence in various fields, from science and literature to peace activism. Established by the will of Alfred Nobel, a Swedish inventor, engineer, and philanthropist, the Nobel Prize has a rich history dating back to the late 19th century.

Table of Contents

History of the Nobel Prize

Alfred Nobel was born in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1833. He held 355 different patents throughout his lifetime, the most famous being dynamite. Despite his contributions to science and industry, Nobel is perhaps best known for his desire to leave a lasting legacy for the betterment of humanity.

The story of the Nobel Prize is closely tied to a premature obituary published in 1888, which mistakenly referred to Alfred Nobel as the “merchant of death” due to his invention of explosives. This erroneous report deeply affected Nobel, and he resolved to leave behind a more positive legacy. In his will, written in 1895, Nobel bequeathed his fortune to fund the Nobel Prizes, to be awarded annually in several categories, including Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature, and Peace.

Categories and Years of Establishment

The Nobel Prizes are awarded in the following categories:

Physics (Est. 1901): Recognizing outstanding contributions to the field of physics.
Chemistry (Est. 1901): Honoring achievements in the realm of chemistry.
Medicine (Est. 1901): Celebrating groundbreaking discoveries and advancements in medicine and physiology.
Literature (Est. 1901): Acknowledging exceptional literary work that has had a profound impact on humanity.
Peace (Est. 1901): Awarded to individuals and organizations that have made significant contributions to peace and conflict resolution.
Economic Sciences (Est. 1968): Officially known as the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, this category recognizes contributions to economics.

Year	Category	Name	Country	Achievement
1901	chemistry	Jacobus Henricus van ‘t Hoff	Netherlands	laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure
	literature	Sully Prudhomme	France
	peace	Henri Dunant	Switzerland
		Frédéric Passy	France
	physics	Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen	Germany	discovery of X-rays
	physiology/medicine	Emil von Behring	Germany	work on serum therapy
1902	chemistry	Emil Fischer	Germany	work on sugar and purine syntheses
	literature	Theodor Mommsen	Germany
	peace	Élie Ducommun	Switzerland
		Charles-Albert Gobat	Switzerland
	physics	Hendrik Antoon Lorentz	Netherlands	investigation of the influence of magnetism on radiation
		Pieter Zeeman	Netherlands	investigation of the influence of magnetism on radiation
	physiology/medicine	Sir Ronald Ross	U.K.	discovery of how malaria enters an organism
1903	chemistry	Svante Arrhenius	Sweden	theory of electrolytic dissociation
	literature	Bjørnstjerne Martinius Bjørnson	Norway
	peace	Sir Randal Cremer	U.K.
	physics	Henri Becquerel	France	discovery of spontaneous radioactivity
		Marie Curie	France	investigations of radiation phenomena discovered by Becquerel
		Pierre Curie	France	investigations of radiation phenomena discovered by Becquerel
	physiology/medicine	Niels Ryberg Finsen	Denmark	treatment of skin diseases with light
1904	chemistry	Sir William Ramsay	U.K.	discovery of inert gas elements and their places in the periodic system
	literature	José Echegaray y Eizaguirre	Spain
		Frédéric Mistral	France
	peace	Institute of International Law	(founded 1873)
	physics	Lord Rayleigh	U.K.	discovery of argon
	physiology/medicine	Ivan Pavlov	Russia	work on the physiology of digestion
1905	chemistry	Adolf von Baeyer	Germany	work on organic dyes, hydroaromatic compounds
	literature	Henryk Sienkiewicz	Poland
	peace	Bertha, baroness von Suttner	Austria-Hungary
	physics	Philipp Lenard	Germany	research on cathode rays
	physiology/medicine	Robert Koch	Germany	tuberculosis research
1906	chemistry	Henri Moissan	France	isolation of fluorine; introduction of Moissan furnace
	literature	Giosuè Carducci	Italy
	peace	Theodore Roosevelt	U.S.
	physics	Sir J.J. Thomson	U.K.	researches into electrical conductivity of gases
	physiology/medicine	Camillo Golgi	Italy	work on the structure of the nervous system
		Santiago Ramón y Cajal	Spain	work on the structure of the nervous system
1907	chemistry	Eduard Buchner	Germany	discovery of noncellular fermentation
	literature	Rudyard Kipling	U.K.
	peace	Ernesto Teodoro Moneta	Italy
		Louis Renault	France
	physics	A.A. Michelson	U.S.	spectroscopic and metrological investigations
	physiology/medicine	Alphonse Laveran	France	discovery of the role of protozoa in diseases
1908	chemistry	Ernest Rutherford	U.K.	investigations into the disintegration of elements and the chemistry of radioactive substances
	literature	Rudolf Christoph Eucken	Germany
	peace	Klas Pontus Arnoldson	Sweden
		Fredrik Bajer	Denmark
	physics	Gabriel Lippmann	France	photographic reproduction of colours
	physiology/medicine	Paul Ehrlich	Germany	work on immunity
		Élie Metchnikoff	Russia	work on immunity
1909	chemistry	Wilhelm Ostwald	Germany	pioneer work on catalysis, chemical equilibrium, and reaction velocities
	literature	Selma Lagerlöf	Sweden
	peace	Auguste-Marie-François Beernaert	Belgium
		Paul-H.-B. d’Estournelles de Constant	France
	physics	Ferdinand Braun	Germany	development of wireless telegraphy
		Guglielmo Marconi	Italy	development of wireless telegraphy
	physiology/medicine	Emil Theodor Kocher	Switzerland	physiology, pathology, and surgery of the thyroid gland
1910	chemistry	Otto Wallach	Germany	pioneer work in alicyclic combinations
	literature	Paul Johann Ludwig von Heyse	Germany
	peace	International Peace Bureau	(founded 1891)
	physics	Johannes Diederik van der Waals	Netherlands	research concerning the equation of state of gases and liquids
	physiology/medicine	Albrecht Kossel	Germany	researches in cellular chemistry
1911	chemistry	Marie Curie	France	discovery of radium and polonium; isolation of radium
	literature	Maurice Maeterlinck	Belgium
	peace	Tobias Michael Carel Asser	Netherlands
		Alfred Hermann Fried	Austria-Hungary
	physics	Wilhelm Wien	Germany	discoveries regarding laws governing heat radiation
	physiology/medicine	Allvar Gullstrand	Sweden	work on dioptrics of the eye
1912	chemistry	Victor Grignard	France	discovery of the Grignard reagents
		Paul Sabatier	France	method of hydrogenating organic compounds
	literature	Gerhart Hauptmann	Germany
	peace	Elihu Root	U.S.
	physics	Nils Dalén	Sweden	invention of automatic regulators for lighting coastal beacons and light buoys
	physiology/medicine	Alexis Carrel	France	work on vascular suture; transplantation of organs
1913	chemistry	Alfred Werner	Switzerland	work on the linkage of atoms in molecules
	literature	Rabindranath Tagore	India
	peace	Henri-Marie Lafontaine	Belgium
	physics	Heike Kamerlingh Onnes	Netherlands	investigation into the properties of matter at low temperatures; production of liquid helium
	physiology/medicine	Charles Richet	France	work on anaphylaxis
1914	chemistry	Theodore William Richards	U.S.	accurate determination of the atomic weights of numerous elements
	physics	Max von Laue	Germany	discovery of diffraction of X-rays by crystals
	physiology/medicine	Robert Bárány	Austria-Hungary	work on vestibular apparatus
1915	chemistry	Richard Willstätter	Germany	pioneer researches in plant pigments, especially chlorophyll
	literature	Romain Rolland	France
	physics	Sir Lawrence Bragg	U.K.	analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays
		Sir William Bragg	U.K.	analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays
1916	literature	Verner von Heidenstam	Sweden
1917	literature	Karl Adolph Gjellerup	Denmark
		Henrik Pontoppidan	Denmark
	peace	International Committee of the Red Cross	(founded 1863)
	physics	Charles Glover Barkla	U.K.	discovery of characteristic X-radiation of elements
1918	chemistry	Fritz Haber	Germany	synthesis of ammonia
	literature	Erik Axel Karlfeldt (declined)	Sweden
	physics	Max Planck	Germany	discovery of the elemental quanta
1919	literature	Carl Spitteler	Switzerland
	peace	Woodrow Wilson	U.S.
	physics	Johannes Stark	Germany	discovery of Doppler effect in positive ion rays and division of spectral lines in electric field
	physiology/medicine	Jules Bordet	Belgium	work on immunity factors in blood serum
1920	chemistry	Walther Hermann Nernst	Germany	work in thermochemistry
	literature	Knut Hamsun	Norway
	peace	Léon Bourgeois	France
	physics	Charles Édouard Guillaume	Switzerland	discovery of anomalies in alloys
	physiology/medicine	August Krogh	Denmark	discovery of capillary motor-regulating mechanism
1921	chemistry	Frederick Soddy	U.K.	chemistry of radioactive substances; occurrence and nature of isotopes
	literature	Anatole France	France
	peace	Karl Hjalmar Branting	Sweden
		Christian Lous Lange	Norway
	physics	Albert Einstein	Switzerland	work in theoretical physics
1922	chemistry	Francis William Aston	U.K.	work with mass spectrograph; whole-number rule
	literature	Jacinto Benavente y Martínez	Spain
	peace	Fridtjof Nansen	Norway
	physics	Niels Bohr	Denmark	investigation of atomic structure and radiation
	physiology/medicine	A.V. Hill	U.K.	discoveries concerning heat production in muscles
		Otto Meyerhof	Germany	work on metabolism of lactic acid in muscles
1923	chemistry	Fritz Pregl	Austria	method of microanalysis of organic substances
	literature	William Butler Yeats	Ireland
	physics	Robert Andrews Millikan	U.S.	work on elementary electric charge and the photoelectric effect
	physiology/medicine	Sir Frederick Grant Banting	Canada	discovery of insulin
		J.J.R. Macleod	U.K.	discovery of insulin
1924	literature	Władysław Stanisław Reymont	Poland
	physics	Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn	Sweden	work in X-ray spectroscopy
	physiology/medicine	Willem Einthoven	Netherlands	discovery of electrocardiogram mechanism
1925	chemistry	Richard Zsigmondy	Austria	elucidation of the heterogeneous nature of colloidal solutions
	literature	George Bernard Shaw	Ireland
	peace	Sir Austen Chamberlain	U.K.
		Charles G. Dawes	U.S.
	physics	James Franck	Germany	discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom
		Gustav Hertz	Germany	discovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon an atom
1926	chemistry	Theodor H.E. Svedberg	Sweden	work on disperse systems
	literature	Grazia Deledda	Italy
	peace	Aristide Briand	France
		Gustav Stresemann	Germany
	physics	Jean Perrin	France	work on discontinuous structure of matter
	physiology/medicine	Johannes Fibiger	Denmark	contributions to cancer research
1927	chemistry	Heinrich Otto Wieland	Germany	researches into the constitution of bile acids
	literature	Henri Bergson	France
	peace	Ferdinand-Édouard Buisson	France
		Ludwig Quidde	Germany
	physics	Arthur Holly Compton	U.S.	discovery of wavelength change in diffused X-rays
		C.T.R. Wilson	U.K.	method of making visible the paths of electrically charged particles
	physiology/medicine	Julius Wagner-Jauregg	Austria	work on malaria inoculation in dementia paralytica
1928	chemistry	Adolf Windaus	Germany	constitution of sterols and their connection with vitamins
	literature	Sigrid Undset	Norway
	physics	Sir Owen Willans Richardson	U.K.	work on electron emission by hot metals
	physiology/medicine	Charles-Jules-Henri Nicolle	France	work on typhus
1929	chemistry	Hans von Euler-Chelpin	Sweden	investigations in the fermentation of sugars and the enzyme action involved
		Sir Arthur Harden	U.K.	investigations in the fermentation of sugars and the enzyme action involved
	literature	Thomas Mann	Germany
	peace	Frank B. Kellogg	U.S.
	physics	Louis de Broglie	France	discovery of the wave nature of electrons
	physiology/medicine	Christiaan Eijkman	Netherlands	discovery of the antineuritic vitamin
		Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins	U.K.	discovery of growth-stimulating vitamins
1930	chemistry	Hans Fischer	Germany	hemin, chlorophyll research; synthesis of hemin
	literature	Sinclair Lewis	U.S.
	peace	Nathan Söderblom	Sweden
	physics	Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman	India	work on light diffusion; discovery of Raman effect
	physiology/medicine	Karl Landsteiner	U.S.	grouping of human blood types
1931	chemistry	Friedrich Bergius	Germany	invention and development of chemical high-pressure methods
		Carl Bosch	Germany	invention and development of chemical high-pressure methods
	literature	Erik Axel Karlfeldt (posthumous award)	Sweden
	peace	Jane Addams	U.S.
		Nicholas Murray Butler	U.S.
	physiology/medicine	Otto Warburg	Germany	discovery of nature and action of respiratory enzyme
1932	chemistry	Irving Langmuir	U.S.	discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry
	literature	John Galsworthy	U.K.
	physics	Werner Heisenberg	Germany	creation of quantum mechanics
	physiology/medicine	Edgar Douglas Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian	U.K.	discoveries regarding function of neurons
		Sir Charles Scott Sherrington	U.K.	discoveries regarding function of neurons
1933	literature	Ivan Bunin	U.S.S.R.
	peace	Sir Norman Angell	U.K.
	physics	P.A.M. Dirac	U.K.	introduction of wave equations in quantum mechanics
		Erwin Schrödinger	Austria	introduction of wave equations in quantum mechanics
	physiology/medicine	Thomas Hunt Morgan	U.S.	heredity transmission functions of chromosomes
1934	chemistry	Harold C. Urey	U.S.	discovery of heavy hydrogen
	literature	Luigi Pirandello	Italy
	peace	Arthur Henderson	U.K.
	physiology/medicine	George Richards Minot	U.S.	discoveries concerning liver treatment for anemia
		William P. Murphy	U.S.	discoveries concerning liver treatment for anemia
		George H. Whipple	U.S.	discoveries concerning liver treatment for anemia
1935	chemistry	Frédéric and Irène Joliot-Curie	France	synthesis of new radioactive elements
	peace	Carl von Ossietzky	Germany
	physics	Sir James Chadwick	U.K.	discovery of the neutron
	physiology/medicine	Hans Spemann	Germany	organizer effect in embryo
1936	chemistry	Peter Debye	Netherlands	work on dipole moments and diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases
	literature	Eugene O’Neill	U.S.
	peace	Carlos Saavedra Lamas	Argentina
	physics	Carl David Anderson	U.S.	discovery of the positron
		Victor Francis Hess	Austria	discovery of cosmic radiation
	physiology/medicine	Sir Henry Dale	U.K.	work on chemical transmission of nerve impulses
		Otto Loewi	Germany	work on chemical transmission of nerve impulses
1937	chemistry	Sir Norman Haworth	U.K.	research on carbohydrates and vitamin C
		Paul Karrer	Switzerland	research on carotenoids, flavins, and vitamins
	literature	Roger Martin du Gard	France
	peace	Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil	U.K.
	physics	Clinton Joseph Davisson	U.S.	experimental demonstration of the interference phenomenon in crystals irradiated by electrons
		Sir George Paget Thomson	U.K.	experimental demonstration of the interference phenomenon in crystals irradiated by electrons
	physiology/medicine	Albert Szent-Györgyi	Hungary	work on biological combustion
1938	chemistry	Richard Kuhn (declined)	Germany	carotenoid and vitamin research
	literature	Pearl Buck	U.S.
	peace	Nansen International Office for Refugees	(founded 1931)
	physics	Enrico Fermi	Italy	disclosure of artificial radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation
	physiology/medicine	Corneille Heymans	Belgium	discovery of role of sinus and aortic mechanisms in respiration regulation
1939	chemistry	Adolf Butenandt (declined)	Germany	work on sexual hormones
		Leopold Ruzicka	Switzerland	work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes
	literature	Frans Eemil Sillanpää	Finland
	physics	Ernest Orlando Lawrence	U.S.	invention of the cyclotron
	physiology/medicine	Gerhard Domagk (declined)	Germany	antibacterial effect of Prontosil
1943	chemistry	Georg Charles von Hevesy	Hungary	use of isotopes as tracers in chemical research
	physics	Otto Stern	U.S.	discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton
	physiology/medicine	Henrik Dam	Denmark	discovery of vitamin K
		Edward Adelbert Doisy	U.S.	discovery of chemical nature of vitamin K
1944	chemistry	Otto Hahn	Germany	discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei
	literature	Johannes V. Jensen	Denmark
	peace	International Committee of the Red Cross	(founded 1863)
	physics	Isidor Isaac Rabi	U.S.	resonance method for registration of various properties of atomic nuclei
	physiology/medicine	Joseph Erlanger	U.S.	researches on differentiated functions of nerve fibres
		Herbert Spencer Gasser	U.S.	researches on differentiated functions of nerve fibres
1945	chemistry	Artturi Ilmari Virtanen	Finland	invention of fodder preservation method
	literature	Gabriela Mistral	Chile
	peace	Cordell Hull	U.S.
	physics	Wolfgang Pauli	Austria	discovery of the exclusion principle of electrons
	physiology/medicine	Sir Ernst Boris Chain	U.K.	discovery of penicillin and its curative value
		Sir Alexander Fleming	U.K.	discovery of penicillin and its curative value
		Howard Walter Florey, Baron Florey	Australia	discovery of penicillin and its curative value
1946	chemistry	John Howard Northrop	U.S.	preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in pure form
		Wendell Meredith Stanley	U.S.	preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in pure form
		James Batcheller Sumner	U.S.	discovery of enzyme crystallization
	literature	Hermann Hesse	Switzerland
	peace	Emily Greene Balch	U.S.
		John R. Mott	U.S.
	physics	Percy Williams Bridgman	U.S.	discoveries in the domain of high-pressure physics
	physiology/medicine	Hermann Joseph Muller	U.S.	production of mutations by X-ray irradiation
1947	chemistry	Sir Robert Robinson	U.K.	investigation of alkaloids and other plant products
	literature	André Gide	France
	peace	American Friends Service Committee	U.S.
		Friends Service Council (FSC)	U.K.
	physics	Sir Edward Victor Appleton	U.K.	discovery of Appleton layer in upper atmosphere
	physiology/medicine	Carl and Gerty Cori	U.S.	discovery of how glycogen is catalytically converted
		Bernardo Alberto Houssay	Argentina	pituitary hormone function in sugar metabolism
1948	chemistry	Arne Tiselius	Sweden	researches in electrophoresis and adsorption analysis; serum proteins
	literature	T.S. Eliot	U.K.
	physics	Patrick M.S. Blackett	U.K.	discoveries in the domain of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation
	physiology/medicine	Paul Hermann Müller	Switzerland	properties of DDT
1949	chemistry	William Francis Giauque	U.S.	behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures
	literature	William Faulkner	U.S.
	peace	John Boyd Orr, Baron Boyd-Orr of Brechin Mearns	U.K.
	physics	Yukawa Hideki	Japan	prediction of the existence of mesons
	physiology/medicine	António Egas Moniz	Portugal	therapeutic value of leucotomy in psychoses
		Walter Rudolf Hess	Switzerland	discovery of function of interbrain
1950	chemistry	Kurt Alder	West Germany	discovery and development of diene synthesis
		Otto Paul Hermann Diels	West Germany	discovery and development of diene synthesis
	literature	Bertrand Russell	U.K.
	peace	Ralph Bunche	U.S.
	physics	Cecil Frank Powell	U.K.	photographic method of studying nuclear processes; discoveries concerning mesons
	physiology/medicine	Philip Showalter Hench	U.S.	research on adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and biological effects
		Edward Calvin Kendall	U.S.	research on adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and biological effects
		Tadeus Reichstein	Switzerland	research on adrenal cortex hormones, their structure and biological effects
1951	chemistry	Edwin Mattison McMillan	U.S.	discovery of and research on transuranium elements
		Glenn T. Seaborg	U.S.	discovery of and research on transuranium elements
	literature	Pär Lagerkvist	Sweden
	peace	Léon Jouhaux	France
	physics	Sir John Douglas Cockcroft	U.K.	work on transmutation of atomic nuclei by accelerated particles
		Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton	Ireland	work on transmutation of atomic nuclei by accelerated particles
	physiology/medicine	Max Theiler	South Africa	yellow fever discoveries
1952	chemistry	A.J.P. Martin	U.K.	development of partition chromatography
		R.L.M. Synge	U.K.	development of partition chromatography
	literature	François Mauriac	France
	peace	Albert Schweitzer	Alsace
	physics	Felix Bloch	U.S.	discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance in solids
		E.M. Purcell	U.S.	discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance in solids
	physiology/medicine	Selman Abraham Waksman	U.S.	discovery of streptomycin
1953	chemistry	Hermann Staudinger	West Germany	work on macromolecules
	literature	Sir Winston Churchill	U.K.
	peace	George C. Marshall	U.S.
	physics	Frits Zernike	Netherlands	method of phase-contrast microscopy
	physiology/medicine	Sir Hans Adolf Krebs	U.K.	discovery of coenzyme A–citric acid cycle in metabolism of carbohydrates
		Fritz Albert Lipmann	U.S.	discovery of coenzyme A–citric acid cycle in metabolism of carbohydrates
1954	chemistry	Linus Pauling	U.S.	study of the nature of the chemical bond
	literature	Ernest Hemingway	U.S.
	peace	Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees	(founded 1951)
	physics	Max Born	U.K.	statistical studies of atomic wave functions
		Walther Bothe	West Germany	invention of coincidence method
	physiology/medicine	John Franklin Enders	U.S.	cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures
		Frederick Chapman Robbins	U.S.	cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures
		Thomas H. Weller	U.S.	cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue cultures
1955	chemistry	Vincent du Vigneaud	U.S.	first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone
	literature	Halldór Laxness	Iceland
	physics	Polykarp Kusch	U.S.	measurement of magnetic moment of electron
		Willis Eugene Lamb, Jr.	U.S.	discoveries in the hydrogen spectrum
	physiology/medicine	Axel Hugo Teodor Theorell	Sweden	nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes
1956	chemistry	Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood	U.K.	work on the kinetics of chemical reactions
		Nikolay Nikolayevich Semyonov	U.S.S.R.	work on the kinetics of chemical reactions
	literature	Juan Ramón Jiménez	Spain
	physics	John Bardeen	U.S.	investigations on semiconductors and invention of the transistor
		Walter H. Brattain	U.S.	investigations on semiconductors and invention of the transistor
		William B. Shockley	U.S.	investigations on semiconductors and invention of the transistor
	physiology/medicine	André F. Cournand	U.S.	discoveries concerning heart catheterization and circulatory changes
		Werner Forssmann	West Germany	discoveries concerning heart catheterization and circulatory changes
		Dickinson Woodruff Richards	U.S.	discoveries concerning heart catheterization and circulatory changes
1957	chemistry	Alexander Robertus Todd, Baron Todd	U.K.	work on nucleotides and nucleotide coenzymes
	literature	Albert Camus	France
	peace	Lester B. Pearson	Canada
	physics	Tsung-Dao Lee	China	discovery of violations of the principle of parity
		Chen Ning Yang	China	discovery of violations of the principle of parity
	physiology/medicine	Daniel Bovet	Italy	production of synthetic curare
1958	chemistry	Frederick Sanger	U.K.	determination of the structure of the insulin molecule
	literature	Boris Leonidovich Pasternak (declined)	U.S.S.R.
	peace	Dominique Pire	Belgium
	physics	Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov	U.S.S.R.	discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect
		Ilya Mikhaylovich Frank	U.S.S.R.	discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect
		Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm	U.S.S.R.	discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect
	physiology/medicine	George Wells Beadle	U.S.	genetic regulation of chemical processes
		Joshua Lederberg	U.S.	genetic recombination
		Edward L. Tatum	U.S.	genetic regulation of chemical processes
1959	chemistry	Jaroslav Heyrovský	Czechoslovakia	discovery and development of polarography
	literature	Salvatore Quasimodo	Italy
	peace	Philip John Noel-Baker, Baron Noel-Baker	U.K.
	physics	Owen Chamberlain	U.S.	confirmation of the existence of the antiproton
		Emilio Segrè	U.S.	confirmation of the existence of the antiproton
	physiology/medicine	Arthur Kornberg	U.S.	work on producing nucleic acids artificially
		Severo Ochoa	U.S.	work on producing nucleic acids artificially
1960	chemistry	Willard Frank Libby	U.S.	development of radiocarbon dating
	literature	Saint-John Perse	France
	peace	Albert John Luthuli	South Africa
	physics	Donald A. Glaser	U.S.	development of the bubble chamber
	physiology/medicine	Sir Macfarlane Burnet	Australia	acquired immunity to tissue transplants
		Sir Peter B. Medawar	U.K.	acquired immunity to tissue transplants
1961	chemistry	Melvin Calvin	U.S.	study of chemical steps that take place during photosynthesis
	literature	Ivo Andric	Yugoslavia
	peace	Dag Hammarskjöld	Sweden
	physics	Robert Hofstadter	U.S.	determination of shape and size of atomic nucleons
		Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer	West Germany	discovery of the Mössbauer effect
	physiology/medicine	Georg von Békésy	U.S.	functions of the inner ear
1962	chemistry	Sir John Cowdery Kendrew	U.K.	determination of the structure of hemoproteins
		Max Ferdinand Perutz	U.K.	determination of the structure of hemoproteins
	literature	John Steinbeck	U.S.
	peace	Linus Pauling	U.S.
	physics	Lev Davidovich Landau	U.S.S.R.	contributions to the understanding of condensed states of matter
	physiology/medicine	Francis Harry Compton Crick	U.K.	discoveries concerning the molecular structure of DNA
		James Dewey Watson	U.S.	discoveries concerning the molecular structure of DNA
		Maurice Wilkins	U.K.	discoveries concerning the molecular structure of DNA
1963	chemistry	Giulio Natta	Italy	structure and synthesis of polymers in the field of plastics
		Karl Ziegler	West Germany	structure and synthesis of polymers in the field of plastics
	literature	George Seferis	Greece
	peace	International Committee of the Red Cross	(founded 1863)
		League of Red Cross Societies
	physics	J. Hans D. Jensen	West Germany	development of shell model theory of the structure of the atomic nuclei
		Maria Goeppert Mayer	U.S.	development of shell model theory of the structure of the atomic nuclei
		Eugene Paul Wigner	U.S.	principles governing interaction of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
	physiology/medicine	Sir John Carew Eccles	Australia	study of the transmission of impulses along a nerve fibre
		Sir Alan Hodgkin	U.K.	study of the transmission of impulses along a nerve fibre
		Sir Andrew Fielding Huxley	U.K.	study of the transmission of impulses along a nerve fibre
1964	chemistry	Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin	U.K.	determining the structure of biochemical compounds essential in combating pernicious anemia
	literature	Jean-Paul Sartre (declined)	France
	peace	Martin Luther King, Jr.	U.S.
	physics	Nikolay Gennadiyevich Basov	U.S.S.R.	work in quantum electronics leading to construction of instruments based on maser-laser principles
		Aleksandr Mikhaylovich Prokhorov	U.S.S.R.	work in quantum electronics leading to construction of instruments based on maser-laser principles
		Charles Hard Townes	U.S.	work in quantum electronics leading to construction of instruments based on maser-laser principles
	physiology/medicine	Konrad Bloch	U.S.	discoveries concerning cholesterol and fatty-acid metabolism
		Feodor Lynen	West Germany	discoveries concerning cholesterol and fatty-acid metabolism
1965	chemistry	R.B. Woodward	U.S.	synthesis of sterols, chlorophyll, and other substances
	literature	Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov	U.S.S.R.
	peace	United Nations Children’s Fund	(founded 1946)
	physics	Richard P. Feynman	U.S.	basic principles of quantum electrodynamics
		Julian Seymour Schwinger	U.S.	basic principles of quantum electrodynamics
		Tomonaga Shin’ichiro	Japan	basic principles of quantum electrodynamics
	physiology/medicine	François Jacob	France	discoveries concerning regulatory activities of the body cells
		André Lwoff	France	discoveries concerning regulatory activities of the body cells
		Jacques Monod	France	discoveries concerning regulatory activities of the body cells
1966	chemistry	Robert Sanderson Mulliken	U.S.	work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules
	literature	S.Y. Agnon	Israel
		Nelly Sachs	Sweden
	physics	Alfred Kastler	France	discovery of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms
	physiology/medicine	Charles B. Huggins	U.S.	research on causes and treatment of cancer
		Peyton Rous	U.S.	research on causes and treatment of cancer
1967	chemistry	Manfred Eigen	West Germany	studies of extremely fast chemical reactions
		Ronald George Wreyford Norrish	U.K.	studies of extremely fast chemical reactions
		Sir George Porter	U.K.	studies of extremely fast chemical reactions
	literature	Miguel Ángel Asturias	Guatemala
	physics	Hans Bethe	U.S.	discoveries concerning the energy production of stars
	physiology/medicine	Ragnar Arthur Granit	Sweden	discoveries about chemical and physiological visual processes in the eye
		Haldan Keffer Hartline	U.S.	discoveries about chemical and physiological visual processes in the eye
		George Wald	U.S.	discoveries about chemical and physiological visual processes in the eye
1968	chemistry	Lars Onsager	U.S.	work on theory of thermodynamics of irreversible processes
	literature	Kawabata Yasunari	Japan
	peace	René Cassin	France
	physics	Luis W. Alvarez	U.S.	work with elementary particles, discovery of resonance states
	physiology/medicine	Robert William Holley	U.S.	deciphering of the genetic code
		Har Gobind Khorana	U.S.	deciphering of the genetic code
		Marshall William Nirenberg	U.S.	deciphering of the genetic code
1969	chemistry	Sir Derek H.R. Barton	U.K.	work in determining actual three-dimensional shape of molecules
		Odd Hassel	Norway	work in determining actual three-dimensional shape of molecules
	economics	Ragnar Frisch	Norway	work in econometrics
		Jan Tinbergen	Netherlands	work in econometrics
	literature	Samuel Beckett	Ireland
	peace	International Labour Organisation	(founded 1919)
	physics	Murray Gell-Mann	U.S.	classification of elementary particles and their interactions
	physiology/medicine	Max Delbrück	U.S.	research and discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseases
		A.D. Hershey	U.S.	research and discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseases
		Salvador Luria	U.S.	research and discoveries concerning viruses and viral diseases
1970	chemistry	Luis Federico Leloir	Argentina	discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates
	economics	Paul Samuelson	U.S.	work in scientific analysis of economic theory
	literature	Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn	U.S.S.R.
	peace	Norman Ernest Borlaug	U.S.
	physics	Hannes Alfvén	Sweden	work in magnetohydrodynamics and in antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism
		Louis-Eugène-Félix Néel	France	work in magnetohydrodynamics and in antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism
	physiology/medicine	Julius Axelrod	U.S.	discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve transmission
		Ulf von Euler	Sweden	discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve transmission
		Sir Bernard Katz	U.K.	discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve transmission
1971	chemistry	Gerhard Herzberg	Canada	research in the structure of molecules
	economics	Simon Kuznets	U.S.	extensive research on the economic growth of nations
	literature	Pablo Neruda	Chile
	peace	Willy Brandt	West Germany
	physics	Dennis Gabor	U.K.	invention of holography
	physiology/medicine	Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.	U.S.	action of hormones
1972	chemistry	Christian B. Anfinsen	U.S.	fundamental contributions to enzyme chemistry
		Stanford Moore	U.S.	fundamental contributions to enzyme chemistry
		William H. Stein	U.S.	fundamental contributions to enzyme chemistry
	economics	Kenneth J. Arrow	U.S.	contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory
		Sir John R. Hicks	U.K.	contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory
	literature	Heinrich Böll	West Germany
	physics	John Bardeen	U.S.	development of the theory of superconductivity
		Leon N. Cooper	U.S.	development of the theory of superconductivity
		John Robert Schrieffer	U.S.	development of the theory of superconductivity
	physiology/medicine	Gerald Maurice Edelman	U.S.	research on the chemical structure of antibodies
		Rodney Robert Porter	U.K.	research on the chemical structure of antibodies
1973	chemistry	Ernst Otto Fischer	West Germany	organometallic chemistry
		Sir Geoffrey Wilkinson	U.K.	organometallic chemistry
	economics	Wassily Leontief	U.S.	input-output analysis
	literature	Patrick White	Australia
	peace	Henry A. Kissinger	U.S.
		Le Duc Tho (declined)	North Vietnam
	physics	Leo Esaki	Japan	tunneling in semiconductors and superconductors
		Ivar Giaever	U.S.	tunneling in semiconductors and superconductors
		Brian D. Josephson	U.K.	tunneling in semiconductors and superconductors
	physiology/medicine	Karl von Frisch	Austria	discoveries in animal behaviour patterns
		Konrad Lorenz	Austria	discoveries in animal behaviour patterns
		Nikolaas Tinbergen	U.K.	discoveries in animal behaviour patterns
1974	chemistry	Paul J. Flory	U.S.	studies of long-chain molecules
	economics	Friedrich von Hayek	U.K.	pioneering analysis of the interdependence of economic, social, and institutional phenomena
		Gunnar Myrdal	Sweden	pioneering analysis of the interdependence of economic, social, and institutional phenomena
	literature	Eyvind Johnson	Sweden
		Harry Martinson	Sweden
	peace	Seán MacBride	Ireland
		Sato Eisaku	Japan
	physics	Antony Hewish	U.K.	work in radio astronomy
		Sir Martin Ryle	U.K.	work in radio astronomy
	physiology/medicine	Albert Claude	U.S.	research on structural and functional organization of cells
		Christian René de Duve	Belgium	research on structural and functional organization of cells
		George E. Palade	U.S.	research on structural and functional organization of cells
1975	chemistry	Sir John Warcup Cornforth	U.K.	work in stereochemistry
		Vladimir Prelog	Switzerland	work in stereochemistry
	economics	Leonid Vitalyevich Kantorovich	U.S.S.R.	contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources
		Tjalling C. Koopmans	U.S.	contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources
	literature	Eugenio Montale	Italy
	peace	Andrey Dmitriyevich Sakharov	U.S.S.R.
	physics	Aage N. Bohr	Denmark	work on the atomic nucleus that paved the way for nuclear fusion
		Ben R. Mottelson	Denmark	work on the atomic nucleus that paved the way for nuclear fusion
		James Rainwater	U.S.	work on the atomic nucleus that paved the way for nuclear fusion
	physiology/medicine	David Baltimore	U.S.	interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell
		Renato Dulbecco	U.S.	interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell
		Howard Martin Temin	U.S.	interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell
1976	chemistry	William Nunn Lipscomb, Jr.	U.S.	structure of boranes
	economics	Milton Friedman	U.S.	consumption analysis, monetary theory, and economic stabilization
	literature	Saul Bellow	U.S.
	peace	Mairéad Corrigan	Northern Ireland
		Betty Williams	Northern Ireland
	physics	Burton Richter	U.S.	discovery of new class of elementary particles (psi, or J)
		Samuel C.C. Ting	U.S.	discovery of new class of elementary particles (psi, or J)
	physiology/medicine	Baruch S. Blumberg	U.S.	studies of origin and spread of infectious diseases
		D. Carleton Gajdusek	U.S.	studies of origin and spread of infectious diseases
1977	chemistry	Ilya Prigogine	Belgium	widening the scope of thermodynamics
	economics	James Edward Meade	U.K.	contributions to theory of international trade
		Bertil Ohlin	Sweden	contributions to theory of international trade
	literature	Vicente Aleixandre	Spain
	peace	Amnesty International	(founded 1961)
	physics	Philip W. Anderson	U.S.	contributions to understanding the behaviour of electrons in magnetic, noncrystalline solids
		Sir Nevill F. Mott	U.K.	contributions to understanding the behaviour of electrons in magnetic, noncrystalline solids
		John H. Van Vleck	U.S.	contributions to understanding the behaviour of electrons in magnetic, noncrystalline solids
	physiology/medicine	Roger Charles Louis Guillemin	U.S.	research on pituitary hormones
		Andrew Victor Schally	U.S.	research on pituitary hormones
		Rosalyn S. Yalow	U.S.	development of radioimmunoassay
1978	chemistry	Peter Dennis Mitchell	U.K.	formulation of a theory of energy transfer processes in biological systems
	economics	Herbert Alexander Simon	U.S.	decision-making processes in economic organizations
	literature	Isaac Bashevis Singer	U.S.
	peace	Menachem Begin	Israel
		Anwar el-Sadat	Egypt
	physics	Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa	U.S.S.R.	invention and application of helium liquefier
		Arno Penzias	U.S.	discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation, providing support for the big-bang theory
		Robert Woodrow Wilson	U.S.	discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation, providing support for the big-bang theory
	physiology/medicine	Werner Arber	Switzerland	discovery and application of enzymes that fragment DNA
		Daniel Nathans	U.S.	discovery and application of enzymes that fragment DNA
		Hamilton Othanel Smith	U.S.	discovery and application of enzymes that fragment DNA
1979	chemistry	Herbert Charles Brown	U.S.	introduction of compounds of boron and phosphorus in the synthesis of organic substances
		Georg Wittig	West Germany	introduction of compounds of boron and phosphorus in the synthesis of organic substances
	economics	Sir Arthur Lewis	U.K.	analyses of economic processes in developing nations
		Theodore William Schultz	U.S.	analyses of economic processes in developing nations
	literature	Odysseus Elytis	Greece
	peace	Mother Teresa	India
	physics	Sheldon Lee Glashow	U.S.	unification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of subatomic particles
		Abdus Salam	Pakistan	unification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of subatomic particles
		Steven Weinberg	U.S.	unification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of subatomic particles
	physiology/medicine	Allan MacLeod Cormack	U.S.	development of the CAT scan
		Sir Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield	U.K.	development of the CAT scan
1980	chemistry	Paul Berg	U.S.	first preparation of a hybrid DNA
		Walter Gilbert	U.S.	development of chemical and biological analyses of DNA structure
		Frederick Sanger	U.K.	development of chemical and biological analyses of DNA structure
	economics	Lawrence Robert Klein	U.S.	development and analysis of empirical models of business fluctuations
	literature	Czesław Miłosz	U.S.
	peace	Adolfo Pérez Esquivel	Argentina
	physics	James Watson Cronin	U.S.	demonstration of simultaneous violation of both charge-conjugation and parity-inversion symmetries
		Val Logsdon Fitch	U.S.	demonstration of simultaneous violation of both charge-conjugation and parity-inversion symmetries
	physiology/medicine	Baruj Benacerraf	U.S.	investigations of genetic control of the response of the immune system to foreign substances
		Jean-Baptiste-Gabriel-Joachim Dausset	France	investigations of genetic control of the response of the immune system to foreign substances
		George Davis Snell	U.S.	investigations of genetic control of the response of the immune system to foreign substances
1981	chemistry	Fukui Kenichi	Japan	orbital symmetry interpretation of chemical reactions
		Roald Hoffmann	U.S.	orbital symmetry interpretation of chemical reactions
	economics	James Tobin	U.S.	portfolio selection theory of investment
	literature	Elias Canetti	Bulgaria
	peace	Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees	(founded 1951)
	physics	Nicolaas Bloembergen	U.S.	applications of lasers in spectroscopy
		Arthur Leonard Schawlow	U.S.	applications of lasers in spectroscopy
		Kai Manne Börje Siegbahn	Sweden	electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis
	physiology/medicine	David Hunter Hubel	U.S.	processing of visual information by the brain
		Roger Wolcott Sperry	U.S.	functions of the cerebral hemispheres
		Torsten Nils Wiesel	Sweden	processing of visual information by the brain
1982	chemistry	Aaron Klug	U.K.	determination of structure of biological substances
	economics	George J. Stigler	U.S.	economic effects of governmental regulation
	literature	Gabriel García Márquez	Colombia
	peace	Alfonso García Robles	Mexico
		Alva Myrdal	Sweden
	physics	Kenneth Geddes Wilson	U.S.	analysis of continuous phase transitions
	physiology/medicine	Sune K. Bergström	Sweden	biochemistry and physiology of prostaglandins
		Bengt Ingemar Samuelsson	Sweden	biochemistry and physiology of prostaglandins
		John Robert Vane	U.K.	biochemistry and physiology of prostaglandins
1983	chemistry	Henry Taube	U.S.	study of electron transfer reactions
	economics	Gerard Debreu	U.S.	mathematical proof of supply and demand theory
	literature	Sir William Golding	U.K.
	peace	Lech Wałęsa	Poland
	physics	Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar	U.S.	contributions to understanding the evolution and devolution of stars
		William A. Fowler	U.S.	contributions to understanding the evolution and devolution of stars
	physiology/medicine	Barbara McClintock	U.S.	discovery of mobile plant genes that affect heredity
1984	chemistry	Bruce Merrifield	U.S.	development of a method of polypeptide synthesis
	economics	Sir Richard Stone	U.K.	development of national income accounting system
	literature	Jaroslav Seifert	Czechoslovakia
	peace	Desmond Tutu	South Africa
	physics	Simon van der Meer	Netherlands	discovery of subatomic particles W and Z, which supports the electroweak theory
		Carlo Rubbia	Italy	discovery of subatomic particles W and Z, which supports the electroweak theory
	physiology/medicine	Niels K. Jerne	U.K.-Denmark	theory and development of a technique for producing monoclonal antibodies
		Georges J.F. Köhler	West Germany	theory and development of a technique for producing monoclonal antibodies
		César Milstein	Argentina	theory and development of a technique for producing monoclonal antibodies
1985	chemistry	Herbert A. Hauptman	U.S.	development of a way to map the chemical structures of small molecules
		Jerome Karle	U.S.	development of a way to map the chemical structures of small molecules
	economics	Franco Modigliani	U.S.	analyses of household savings and financial markets
	literature	Claude Simon	France
	peace	International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War	(founded 1980)
	physics	Klaus von Klitzing	West Germany	discovery of the quantized Hall effect, permitting exact measurements of electrical resistance
	physiology/medicine	Michael S. Brown	U.S.	discovery of cell receptors relating to cholesterol metabolism
		Joseph L. Goldstein	U.S.	discovery of cell receptors relating to cholesterol metabolism
1986	chemistry	Dudley R. Herschbach	U.S.	development of methods for analyzing basic chemical reactions
		Yuan T. Lee	U.S.	development of methods for analyzing basic chemical reactions
		John C. Polanyi	Canada	development of methods for analyzing basic chemical reactions
	economics	James M. Buchanan	U.S.	public-choice theory bridging economics and political science
	literature	Wole Soyinka	Nigeria
	peace	Elie Wiesel	U.S.
	physics	Gerd Binnig	West Germany	development of special electron microscopes
		Heinrich Rohrer	Switzerland	development of special electron microscopes
		Ernst Ruska	West Germany	development of special electron microscopes
	physiology/medicine	Stanley Cohen	U.S.	discovery of chemical agents that help regulate the growth of cells
		Rita Levi-Montalcini	Italy	discovery of chemical agents that help regulate the growth of cells
1987	chemistry	Donald J. Cram	U.S.	development of molecules that can link with other molecules
		Jean-Marie Lehn	France	development of molecules that can link with other molecules
		Charles J. Pedersen	U.S.	development of molecules that can link with other molecules
	economics	Robert Merton Solow	U.S.	contributions to the theory of economic growth
	literature	Joseph Brodsky	U.S.
	peace	Oscar Arias Sánchez	Costa Rica
	physics	J. Georg Bednorz	West Germany	discovery of new superconducting materials
		Karl Alex Müller	Switzerland	discovery of new superconducting materials
	physiology/medicine	Tonegawa Susumu	Japan	study of genetic aspects of antibodies
1988	chemistry	Johann Deisenhofer	West Germany	discovery of structure of proteins needed in photosynthesis
		Robert Huber	West Germany	discovery of structure of proteins needed in photosynthesis
		Hartmut Michel	West Germany	discovery of structure of proteins needed in photosynthesis
	economics	Maurice Allais	France	contributions to the theory of markets and efficient use of resources
	literature	Naguib Mahfouz	Egypt
	peace	United Nations Peacekeeping Forces
	physics	Leon Max Lederman	U.S.	research in subatomic particles
		Melvin Schwartz	U.S.	research in subatomic particles
		Jack Steinberger	U.S.	research in subatomic particles
	physiology/medicine	Sir James Black	U.K.	development of new classes of drugs for combating disease
		Gertrude Belle Elion	U.S.	development of new classes of drugs for combating disease
		George Herbert Hitchings	U.S.	development of new classes of drugs for combating disease
1989	chemistry	Sidney Altman	U.S.	discovery of certain basic properties of RNA
		Thomas Robert Cech	U.S.	discovery of certain basic properties of RNA
	economics	Trygve Haavelmo	Norway	development of statistical techniques for economic forecasting
	literature	Camilo José Cela	Spain
	peace	Dalai Lama	Tibet
	physics	Hans Georg Dehmelt	U.S.	development of methods to isolate atoms and subatomic particles for study
		Wolfgang Paul	West Germany	development of methods to isolate atoms and subatomic particles for study
		Norman Foster Ramsey	U.S.	development of the atomic clock
	physiology/medicine	J. Michael Bishop	U.S.	study of cancer-causing genes called oncogenes
		Harold Varmus	U.S.	study of cancer-causing genes called oncogenes
1990	chemistry	Elias James Corey	U.S.	development of retrosynthetic analysis for synthesis of complex molecules
	economics	Harry M. Markowitz	U.S.	study of financial markets and investment decision-making
		Merton H. Miller	U.S.	study of financial markets and investment decision-making
		William F. Sharpe	U.S.	study of financial markets and investment decision-making
	literature	Octavio Paz	Mexico
	peace	Mikhail Gorbachev	U.S.S.R.
	physics	Jerome Isaac Friedman	U.S.	discovery of atomic quarks
		Henry Way Kendall	U.S.	discovery of atomic quarks
		Richard E. Taylor	Canada	discovery of atomic quarks
	physiology/medicine	Joseph E. Murray	U.S.	development of kidney and bone-marrow transplants
		E. Donnall Thomas	U.S.	development of kidney and bone-marrow transplants
1991	chemistry	Richard R. Ernst	Switzerland	improvements in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
	economics	Ronald Coase	U.S.	application of economic principles to the study of law
	literature	Nadine Gordimer	South Africa
	peace	Aung San Suu Kyi	Myanmar
	physics	Pierre-Gilles de Gennes	France	discovery of general rules for behaviour of molecules
	physiology/medicine	Erwin Neher	Germany	discovery of how cells communicate, as related to diseases
		Bert Sakmann	Germany	discovery of how cells communicate, as related to diseases
1992	chemistry	Rudolph A. Marcus	U.S.	explanation of how electrons transfer between molecules
	economics	Gary S. Becker	U.S.	application of economic theory to social sciences
	literature	Derek Walcott	St. Lucia
	peace	Rigoberta Menchú	Guatemala
	physics	Georges Charpak	France	inventor of detector that traces subatomic particles
	physiology/medicine	Edmond H. Fischer	U.S.	discovery of class of enzymes called protein kinases
		Edwin Gerhard Krebs	U.S.	discovery of class of enzymes called protein kinases
1993	chemistry	Kary B. Mullis	U.S.	inventors of techniques for gene study and manipulation
		Michael Smith	Canada	inventors of techniques for gene study and manipulation
	economics	Robert William Fogel	U.S.	contributions to economic history
		Douglass C. North	U.S.	contributions to economic history
	literature	Toni Morrison	U.S.
	peace	F.W. de Klerk	South Africa
		Nelson Mandela	South Africa
	physics	Russell Alan Hulse	U.S.	identifying binary pulsars
		Joseph H. Taylor, Jr.	U.S.	identifying binary pulsars
	physiology/medicine	Richard J. Roberts	U.K.	discovery of “split,” or interrupted, genetic structure
		Phillip A. Sharp	U.S.	discovery of “split,” or interrupted, genetic structure
1994	chemistry	George A. Olah	U.S.	development of techniques to study hydrocarbon molecules
	economics	John C. Harsanyi	U.S.	development of game theory
		John F. Nash	U.S.	development of game theory
		Reinhard Selten	Germany	development of game theory
	literature	Oe Kenzaburo	Japan
	peace	Yasser Arafat	Palestinian
		Shimon Peres	Israel
		Yitzhak Rabin	Israel
	physics	Bertram N. Brockhouse	Canada	development of neutron-scattering techniques
		Clifford G. Shull	U.S.	development of neutron-scattering techniques
	physiology/medicine	Alfred G. Gilman	U.S.	discovery of cell signalers called G-proteins
		Martin Rodbell	U.S.	discovery of cell signalers called G-proteins
1995	chemistry	Paul Crutzen	Netherlands	explanation of processes that deplete Earth’s ozone layer
		Mario Molina	U.S.	explanation of processes that deplete Earth’s ozone layer
		F. Sherwood Rowland	U.S.	explanation of processes that deplete Earth’s ozone layer
	economics	Robert E. Lucas, Jr.	U.S.	incorporation of rational expectations in macroeconomic theory
	literature	Seamus Heaney	Ireland
	peace	Pugwash Conferences	(founded 1957)
		Joseph Rotblat	U.K.
	physics	Martin Lewis Perl	U.S.	discovery of tau subatomic particle
		Frederick Reines	U.S.	discovery of neutrino subatomic particle
	physiology/medicine	Edward B. Lewis	U.S.	identification of genes that control the body’s early structural development
		Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard	Germany	identification of genes that control the body’s early structural development
		Eric F. Wieschaus	U.S.	identification of genes that control the body’s early structural development
1996	chemistry	Robert F. Curl, Jr.	U.S.	discovery of new carbon compounds called fullerenes
		Sir Harold W. Kroto	U.K.	discovery of new carbon compounds called fullerenes
		Richard E. Smalley	U.S.	discovery of new carbon compounds called fullerenes
	economics	James A. Mirrlees	U.K.	contributions to theory of incentives under conditions of asymmetric information
		William Vickrey	U.S.	contributions to theory of incentives under conditions of asymmetric information
	literature	Wisława Szymborska	Poland
	peace	Carlos Felipe Ximenes Belo	Timorese
		José Ramos-Horta	Timorese
	physics	David M. Lee	U.S.	discovery of superfluidity in isotope helium-3
		Douglas D. Osheroff	U.S.	discovery of superfluidity in isotope helium-3
		Robert C. Richardson	U.S.	discovery of superfluidity in isotope helium-3
	physiology/medicine	Peter C. Doherty	Australia	discovery of how the immune system recognizes virus-infected cells
		Rolf M. Zinkernagel	Switzerland	discovery of how the immune system recognizes virus-infected cells
1997	chemistry	Paul D. Boyer	U.S.	explanation of the enzymatic conversion of adenosine triphosphate
		Jens C. Skou	Denmark	discovery of sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase
		John E. Walker	U.K.	explanation of the enzymatic conversion of adenosine triphosphate
	economics	Robert C. Merton	U.S.	methods for determining the value of stock options and other derivatives
		Myron S. Scholes	U.S.	methods for determining the value of stock options and other derivatives
	literature	Dario Fo	Italy
	peace	International Campaign to Ban Landmines	(founded 1992)
		Jody Williams	U.S.
	physics	Steven Chu	U.S.	process of trapping atoms with laser cooling
		Claude Cohen-Tannoudji	France	process of trapping atoms with laser cooling
		William D. Phillips	U.S.	process of trapping atoms with laser cooling
	physiology/medicine	Stanley B. Prusiner	U.S.	discovery of the prion, a type of disease-causing protein
1998	chemistry	Walter Kohn	U.S.	development of the density-functional theory
		John A. Pople	U.K.	development of computational methods in quantum chemistry
	economics	Amartya Sen	India	contribution to welfare economics
	literature	José Saramago	Portugal
	peace	John Hume	Northern Ireland
		David Trimble	Northern Ireland
	physics	Robert B. Laughlin	U.S.	discovery of fractional quantum Hall effect
		Horst L. Störmer	U.S.	discovery of fractional quantum Hall effect
		Daniel C. Tsui	U.S.	discovery of fractional quantum Hall effect
	physiology/medicine	Robert F. Furchgott	U.S.	discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system
		Louis J. Ignarro	U.S.	discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system
		Ferid Murad	U.S.	discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system
1999	chemistry	Ahmed H. Zewail	Egypt/U.S.	study of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy
	economics	Robert A. Mundell	Canada	analysis of optimum currency areas and of policy under different exchange rate regimes
	literature	Günter Grass	Germany
	peace	Doctors Without Borders	(founded 1971)
	physics	Gerardus ‘t Hooft	Netherlands	study of quantum structure of electroweak interactions
		Martinus J.G. Veltman	Netherlands	study of quantum structure of electroweak interactions
	physiology/medicine	Günter Blobel	U.S.	discovery that proteins have signals governing cellular organization
2000	chemistry	Alan J. Heeger	U.S.	discovery of plastics that conduct electricity
		Alan G. MacDiarmid	U.S.	discovery of plastics that conduct electricity
		Shirakawa Hideki	Japan	discovery of plastics that conduct electricity
	economics	James J. Heckman	U.S.	development of methods of statistical analysis of individual and household behaviour
		Daniel L. McFadden	U.S.	development of methods of statistical analysis of individual and household behaviour
	literature	Gao Xingjian	France
	peace	Kim Dae-Jung	South Korea
	physics	Zhores I. Alferov	Russia	development of fast semiconductors for use in microelectronics
		Jack S. Kilby	U.S.	development of the integrated circuit (microchip)
		Herbert Kroemer	Germany	development of fast semiconductors for use in microelectronics
	physiology/medicine	Arvid Carlsson	Sweden	discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brain
		Paul Greengard	U.S.	discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brain
		Eric R. Kandel	U.S.	discovery of how signals are transmitted between nerve cells in the brain
2001	chemistry	William S. Knowles	U.S.	work on chirally catalyzed hydrogenation reactions
		Noyori Ryoji	Japan	work on chirally catalyzed hydrogenation reactions
		K. Barry Sharpless	U.S.	work on chirally catalyzed oxidation reactions
	economics	George A. Akerlof	U.S.	analysis of markets with asymmetric information
		A. Michael Spence	U.S.	analysis of markets with asymmetric information
		Joseph E. Stiglitz	U.S.	analysis of markets with asymmetric information
	literature	Sir V.S. Naipaul	Trinidad
	peace	United Nations	(founded 1945)
		Kofi Annan	Ghana
	physics	Eric A. Cornell	U.S.	achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms; early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates
		Wolfgang Ketterle	Germany	achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms; early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates
		Carl E. Wieman	U.S.	achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms; early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates
	physiology/medicine	Leland H. Hartwell	U.S.	discovery of key regulators of the cell cycle
		R. Timothy Hunt	U.K.	discovery of key regulators of the cell cycle
		Sir Paul M. Nurse	U.K.	discovery of key regulators of the cell cycle
2002	chemistry	John B. Fenn	U.S.	development of techniques to identify and analyze proteins and other large molecules
		Tanaka Koichi	Japan	development of techniques to identify and analyze proteins and other large molecules
		Kurt Wüthrich	Switzerland	development of techniques to identify and analyze proteins and other large molecules
	economics	Daniel Kahneman	U.S./Israel	integration of psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty
		Vernon L. Smith	U.S.	establishment of laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical economic analysis
	literature	Imre Kertész	Hungary
	peace	Jimmy Carter	U.S.
	physics	Raymond Davis, Jr.	U.S.	detection of neutrinos
		Riccardo Giacconi	U.S.	seminal discoveries of cosmic sources of X-rays
		Koshiba Masatoshi	Japan	detection of neutrinos
	physiology/medicine	Sydney Brenner	U.K.	discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death (apoptosis)
		H. Robert Horvitz	U.S.	discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death (apoptosis)
		John E. Sulston	U.K.	discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death (apoptosis)
2003	chemistry	Peter Agre	U.S.	discoveries regarding water channels and ion channels in cells
		Roderick MacKinnon	U.S.	discoveries regarding water channels and ion channels in cells
	economics	Robert F. Engle	U.S.	development of techniques for the analysis of time series data
		Clive W.J. Granger	U.K.	development of techniques for the analysis of time series data
	literature	J.M. Coetzee	South Africa
	peace	Shirin Ebadi	Iran
	physics	Alexei A. Abrikosov	U.S.	discoveries regarding superconductivity and superfluidity at very low temperatures
		Vitaly L. Ginzburg	Russia	discoveries regarding superconductivity and superfluidity at very low temperatures
		Anthony J. Leggett	U.S.	discoveries regarding superconductivity and superfluidity at very low temperatures
	physiology/medicine	Paul Lauterbur	U.S.	development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
		Sir Peter Mansfield	U.K.	development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
2004	chemistry	Aaron Ciechanover	Israel	discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation
		Avram Hershko	Israel	discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation
		Irwin Rose	U.S.	discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation
	economics	Finn E. Kydland	Norway	contributions to dynamic macroeconomics
		Edward C. Prescott	U.S.	contributions to dynamic macroeconomics
	literature	Elfriede Jelinek	Austria
	peace	Wangari Maathi	Kenya
	physics	David J. Gross	U.S.	discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction
		H. David Politzer	U.S.	discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction
		Frank Wilczek	U.S.	discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction
	physiology/medicine	Richard Axel	U.S.	discovery of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system
		Linda B. Buck	U.S.	discovery of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system
2005	chemistry	Yves Chauvin	France	development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis
		Robert H. Grubbs	U.S.	development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis
		Richard R. Schrock	U.S.	development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis
	economics	Robert J. Aumann	Israel	contributions to game-theory analysis
		Thomas C. Schelling	U.S.	contributions to game-theory analysis
	literature	Harold Pinter	U.K.
	peace	Mohamed ElBaradei	Egypt
		International Atomic Energy Agency	(founded 1957)
	physics	Roy J. Glauber	U.S.	contributions to the field of optics
		John L. Hall	U.S.	contributions to the development of laser spectroscopy
		Theodor W. Hänsch	Germany	contributions to the development of laser spectroscopy
	physiology/medicine	Barry J. Marshall	Australia	discovery of bacteria’s role in peptic ulcer disease
		J. Robin Warren	Australia	discovery of bacteria’s role in peptic ulcer disease
2006	chemistry	Roger D. Kornberg	U.S.	work on the molecular basis of eukaryotic transcription
	economics	Edmund S. Phelps	U.S.	analysis of intertemporal trade-offs in macroeconomic policy
	literature	Orhan Pamuk	Turkey
	peace	Grameen Bank	(founded 1976)
		Muhammad Yunus	Bangladesh
	physics	John C. Mather	U.S.	discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation
		George F. Smoot	U.S.	discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation
	physiology/medicine	Andrew Z. Fire	U.S.	discovery of RNA interference—gene silencing by double-stranded RNA
		Craig C. Mello	U.S.	discovery of RNA interference—gene silencing by double-stranded RNA
2007	chemistry	Gerhard Ertl	Germany	studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces
	economics	Leonid Hurwicz	U.S.	work that laid the foundations of mechanism design theory
		Eric S. Maskin	U.S.	work that laid the foundations of mechanism design theory
		Roger B. Myerson	U.S.	work that laid the foundations of mechanism design theory
	literature	Doris Lessing	U.S.
	peace	Al Gore	U.S.
		Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change	(founded 1988)
	physics	Albert Fert	France	discovery of giant magnetoresistance
		Peter Grünberg	Germany	discovery of giant magnetoresistance
	physiology/medicine	Mario R. Capecchi	U.S.	discovery of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells
		Sir Martin J. Evans	U.K.	discovery of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells
		Oliver Smithies	U.S.	discovery of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells
2008	chemistry	Martin Chalfie	U.S.	discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP
		Osamu Shimomura	U.S.	discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP
		Roger Y. Tsien	U.S.	discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP
	economics	Paul Krugman	U.S.	analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity
	literature	Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio	France
	peace	Martti Ahtisaari	Finland
	physics	Kobayashi Makoto	Japan	discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature
		Maskawa Toshihide	Japan	discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature
		Yoichiro Nambu	U.S.	discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics
	physiology/medicine	Françoise Barré-Sinoussi	France	discovery of human immunodeficiency virus
		Luc Montagnier	France	discovery of human immunodeficiency virus
		Harald zur Hausen	Germany	discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer
2009	chemistry	Venkatraman Ramakrishnan	U.S.	studies of the structure and function of the ribosome
		Thomas Steitz	U.S.	studies of the structure and function of the ribosome
		Ada Yonath	Israel	studies of the structure and function of the ribosome
	economics	Elinor Ostrom	U.S.	analysis of economic governance, especially the commons
		Oliver E. Williamson	U.S.	analysis of economic governance, especially the boundaries of the firm
	literature	Herta Müller	Germany
	peace	Barack Obama	U.S.
	physics	Willard Boyle	Canada/U.S.	invention of the CCD sensor, an imaging semiconductor circuit
		Charles Kao	U.K./U.S.	achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibres for optical communication
		George E. Smith	U.S.	invention of the CCD sensor, an imaging semiconductor circuit
	physiology/medicine	Elizabeth H. Blackburn	U.S.	discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase
		Carol W. Greider	U.S.	discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase
		Jack W. Szostak	U.S.	discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase
2010	chemistry	Richard F. Heck	U.S.	development of techniques to synthesize complex carbon molecules
		Negishi Ei-ichi	Japan	development of techniques to synthesize complex carbon molecules
		Suzmediuki Akira	Japan	development of techniques to synthesize complex carbon molecules
	economics	Peter A. Diamond	U.S.	analysis of markets with search frictions
		Dale T. Mortensen	U.S.	analysis of markets with search frictions
		Christopher A. Pissarides	Cyprus/U.K.	analysis of markets with search frictions
	literature	Mario Vargas Llosa	Peru
	peace	Liu Xiaobo	China
	physics	Andre Geim	Netherlands	experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene
		Konstantin Novoselov	Russia/U.K.	experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene
	physiology/medicine	Robert Edwards	U.K.	development of in vitro fertilization
2011	chemistry	Daniel Shechtman	Israel	discovery of quasicrystals
	economics	Thomas J. Sargent	U.S.	empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy
		Christopher A. Sims	U.S.	empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy
	literature	Tomas Tranströmer	Sweden
	peace	Leymah Gbowee	Liberia
		Ellen Johnson Sirleaf	Liberia
		Tawakkul Karmān	Yemen
	physics	Saul Perlmutter	U.S.	discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe through observations of distant supernovae
		Adam G. Riess	U.S./Australia	discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe through observations of distant supernovae
		Brian P. Schmidt	U.S.	discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe through observations of distant supernovae
	physiology/medicine	Bruce A. Beutler	U.S.	discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity
		Jules A. Hoffman	Luxembourg/France	discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity
		Ralph M. Steinman	Canada	discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity
2012	chemistry	Brian K. Kobilka	U.S.	studies of G-protein-coupled receptors
		Robert J. Lefkowitz	U.S.	studies of G-protein-coupled receptors
	economics	Alvin E. Roth	U.S.	work on market design and matching theory
		Lloyd S. Shapley	U.S.	work on market design and matching theory
	literature	Mo Yan	China
	peace	European Union	(founded 1993)
	physics	Serge Haroche	France	development of methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems
		David J. Wineland	U.S.	development of methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems
	physiology/medicine	Sir John Bertrand Gurdon	U.K.	discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent
		Shinya Yamanaka	Japan	discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent
2013	chemistry	Martin Karplus	Austria/U.S.	development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems
		Michael Levitt	U.K./U.S./Israel	development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems
		Arieh Warshel	Israel/U.S.	development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems
	economics	Eugene F. Fama	U.S.	empirical analysis of asset prices
		Lars P. Hansen	U.S.	empirical analysis of asset prices
		Robert J. Shiller	U.S.	empirical analysis of asset prices
	literature	Alice Munro	Canada
	peace	Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons	(founded 1997)
	physics	François Englert	Belgium	theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to the understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles
		Peter Higgs	U.K.	theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to the understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles
	physiology/medicine	James E. Rothman	U.S.	discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in cells
		Randy W. Schekman	U.S.	discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in cells
		Thomas C. Südhof	Germany/U.S.	discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in cells
2014	chemistry	Eric Betzig	U.S.	development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy
		Stefan W. Hell	Germany	development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy
		William E. Moerner	U.S.	development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy
	economics	Jean Tirole	France	analysis of market power and regulation
	literature	Patrick Modiano	France
	peace	Kailash Satyarthi	India
		Malala Yousafzai	Pakistan
	physics	Akasaki Isamu	Japan	invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes, which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources
		Amano Hiroshi	Japan	invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes, which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources
		Shuji Nakamura	U.S.	invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes, which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources
	physiology/medicine	Edvard I. Moser	Norway	discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain
		May-Britt Moser	Norway	discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain
		John O’Keefe	U.S./U.K.	discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain
2015	chemistry	Tomas Lindahl	Sweden	mechanistic studies of DNA repair
		Paul Modrich	U.S.	mechanistic studies of DNA repair
		Aziz Sancar	Turkey/U.S.	mechanistic studies of DNA repair
	economics	Angus S. Deaton	U.K.	analysis of consumption, poverty, and welfare
	literature	Svetlana Alexievich	Belarus
	peace	National Dialogue Quartet	(founded 2013)
	physics	Kajita Takaaki	Japan	discovery of neutrino oscillations, which show that neutrinos have mass
		Arthur B. McDonald	Canada	discovery of neutrino oscillations, which show that neutrinos have mass
	physiology/medicine	William C. Campbell	Ireland	discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites
		Ōmura Satoshi	Japan	discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites
		Tu Youyou	China	discoveries concerning a novel therapy against malaria
2016	chemistry	Jean-Pierre Sauvage	France	design and synthesis of molecular machines
		J. Fraser Stoddart	U.K.	design and synthesis of molecular machines
		Bernard Feringa	Netherlands	design and synthesis of molecular machines
	economics	Oliver Hart	U.K.	contributions to contract theory
		Bengt Holmström	Finland	contributions to contract theory
	literature	Bob Dylan	U.S.
	peace	Juan Manuel Santos	Colombia
	physics	David Thouless	U.K.	theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter
		Duncan Haldane	U.K.	theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter
		Michael Kosterlitz	U.K.	theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter
	physiology/medicine	Yoshinori Ohsumi	Japan	discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy
2017	chemistry	Jacques Dubochet	Switzerland	development of cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution
		Joachim Frank	Germany/U.S.	development of cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution
		Richard Henderson	U.K.	development of cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution
	economics	Richard H. Thaler	U.S.	contributions to behavioral economics
	literature	Kazuo Ishiguro	U.K.
	peace	International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons	(founded 2007)
	physics	Barry C. Barish	U.S.	decisive contributions to the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory detector and the observation of gravitational waves
		Kip S. Thorne	U.S.	decisive contributions to the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory detector and the observation of gravitational waves
		Rainer Weiss	U.S.	decisive contributions to the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory detector and the observation of gravitational waves
	physiology/medicine	Jeffrey C. Hall	U.S.	discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm
		Michael Rosbash	U.S.	discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm
		Michael W. Young	U.S.	discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm
2018	chemistry	Frances Arnold	U.S.	first directed evolution of enzymes
		George P. Smith	U.S.	development of phage display, a method in which a bacteriophage can be used to evolve new proteins
		Gregory P. Winter	U.K.	work using the phage display method for the directed evolution of antibodies
	economics	William Nordhaus	U.S.	integration of climate change into long-run macroeconomic analysis
		Paul Romer	U.S.	integration of technological innovations into long-run macroeconomic analysis
	literature**	Olga Tokarczuk	Poland
	peace	Denis Mukwege	Democratic Republic of the Congo
		Nadia Murad	Iraq
	physics	Arthur Ashkin	U.S.	invention of optical tweezers and their application to biological systems
		Gérard Mourou	France	invention of a method of generating high-intensity ultrashort optical pulses
		Donna Strickland	Canada	invention of a method of generating high-intensity ultrashort optical pulses
	physiology/medicine	James P. Allison	U.S.	discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation
		Tasuku Honjo	Japan	discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation
2019	chemistry	John B. Goodenough	U.S.	development of lithium-ion batteries
		M. Stanley Whittingham	U.K./U.S.	development of lithium-ion batteries
		Yoshino Akira	Japan	development of lithium-ion batteries
	economics	Abhijit Banerjee	U.S.	experimental approach to alleviating global poverty
		Esther Duflo	French/U.S.	experimental approach to alleviating global poverty
		Michael Kremer	U.S.	experimental approach to alleviating global poverty
	literature	Peter Handke	Austria
	peace	Abiy Ahmed	Ethiopia
	physics	James Peebles	Canada/U.S.	theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology
		Michel Mayor	Switzerland	discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star
		Didier Queloz	Switzerland	discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star
	physiology/medicine	William G. Kaelin, Jr.	U.S.	discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability
		Peter J. Ratcliffe	U.K.	discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability
		Gregg L. Semenza	U.S.	discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability
2020	chemistry	Emmanuelle Charpentier	France	development of a method for genome editing
		Jennifer Doudna	U.S.	development of a method for genome editing
	economics	Paul R. Milgrom	U.S.	improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats
		Robert B. Wilson	U.S.	improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats
	literature	Louise Glück	U.S.
	peace	World Food Programme	(founded 1961)
	physics	Reinhard Genzel	Germany	discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of the Milky Way Galaxy
		Andrea Ghez	U.S.	discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of the Milky Way Galaxy
		Roger Penrose	U.K.	discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity
	physiology/medicine	Harvey J. Alter	U.S.	discovery of hepatitis C virus
		Michael Houghton	U.K.	discovery of hepatitis C virus
		Charles M. Rice	U.S.	discovery of hepatitis C virus
2021	chemistry	Benjamin List	Germany	development of asymmetric organocatalysis
		David W.C. MacMillan	U.K./U.S.	development of asymmetric organocatalysis
	economics	Joshua Angrist	Israel/U.S.	methodological contributions to the analysis of causal relationships
		David Card	Canada/U.S.	empirical contributions to labour economics
		Guido W. Imbens	Neth./U.S.	methodological contributions to the analysis of causal relationships
	literature	Abdulrazak Gurnah	Tanz.
	peace	Dmitry Muratov	Russia
		Maria Ressa	Phil./U.S.
	physics	Klaus Hasselmann	Germany	physical modelling of Earth’s climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming
		Manabe Syukuro	Japan/U.S.	physical modelling of Earth’s climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming
		Giorgio Parisi	Italy	discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales
	physiology/medicine	David Julius	U.S.	discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch
		Ardem Patapoutian	U.S.	discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch
2022	chemistry	Carolyn R. Bertozzi	U.S.	development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry
		Morten P. Meldal	Neth.	development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry
		K. Barry Sharpless	U.S.	development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry
	economics	Ben Bernanke	U.S.	research on banks and financial crises
		Douglas Diamond	U.S.	research on banks and financial crises
		Philip Dybvig	U.S.	research on banks and financial crises
	literature	Annie Ernaux	France
	peace	Ales Bialiatski	Belarus
		Center for Civil Liberties	Ukraine
		Memorial	Russia
	physics	Alain Aspect	France	experiments with quantum entanglement that laid the foundation for a new era of quantum technology
		John F. Clauser	U.S.	experiments with quantum entanglement that laid the foundation for a new era of quantum technology
		Anton Zeilinger	Austria	experiments with quantum entanglement that laid the foundation for a new era of quantum technology
	physiology/medicine	Svante Pääbo	Sweden	discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution

Little Rain Drops

Social

Pages